Dystopian novels about ai and automation

Artificial intelligence and automation raise the dystopian question of who is in charge. When the system decides, optimizes, or replaces, the characters confront a power that has no face and no appeal. These books test what is left for people to do once the machine can do it better.

24 titles on this theme, earliest first.

• R.U.R.: Rossum's Universal Robots
  R.U.R.: Rossum's Universal RobotsKarel Čapek · 1920
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  Player PianoKurt Vonnegut · 1952
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  The Caves of SteelIsaac Asimov · 1954
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  The Naked SunIsaac Asimov · 1957
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  Vulcan's HammerPhilip K. Dick · 1960
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  The Penultimate TruthPhilip K. Dick · 1964
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  The Three Stigmata of Palmer EldritchPhilip K. Dick · 1965
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  Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Philip K. Dick · 1968
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  Stand on ZanzibarJohn Brunner · 1968
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  SynthajoyD. G. Compton · 1968
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  This Perfect DayIra Levin · 1970
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  Don't Bite the SunTanith Lee · 1976
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  MockingbirdWalter Tevis · 1980
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  Count ZeroWilliam Gibson · 1986
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  Mona Lisa OverdriveWilliam Gibson · 1988
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  Snow CrashNeal Stephenson · 1992
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  VurtJeff Noon · 1993
• Paris in the Twentieth Century
  Paris in the Twentieth CenturyJules Verne · 1994
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  Shade's ChildrenGarth Nix · 1997
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  GenesisBernard Beckett · 2006
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  SapphiqueCatherine Fisher · 2008
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  The Windup GirlPaolo Bacigalupi · 2009
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  Ready Player OneErnest Cline · 2011
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  Bleeding EdgeThomas Pynchon · 2013